calculator word possiblities

• 7735 for sale
• 71675 for spill
• 77345993 for EGGSHELL
• .40404 FOR HOHOHO
• 312217 for LiZZiE
• 30175 for SLIDE
• 817 for LIB
• 5907 for LOGS
• 0.7734 for HELLO
• 14 for HI
• 5376606 or 5379909 for GOGGLES
• 376006 or 379009 for GOOGLE
• 53177187714 for HILLBILLIES
• 1134206 for GOsHELL
• 5317 for LIES
• 3080 for OBOE
• 53045 for SHOES
• 710.77345 for SHELLOIL
• 5537 for LESS
• 836 for BEG
• 31041134 for HELLHOLE
• 707 for LOL
• 3070804 for HOBOJOE
• .0804 for HOBO
• 345 for SHE
• 0.02 for ZOO
• 7714 for hill
• 7734 for hell
• 30176 for GLIDE
• 0.9 for go
• 738051 for Isobel
• 31773 for ellie
• 0375 for sled
• 0.637 for Lego
• 738 for leg
• 1138 for bell
• 8357353 for eselseb (Norwegian)
• 2208 for boss
• 3207 for lose
• 32009 for goose
• 32339 for geese
• 0140 for Ohio
• 733 for eel
• 5733 for eels
• 0.08 for boo
• 202 for SOS
• 808 for Bob
• 338 for bee
• 2338 70 918 for big ol bees
• 50774 for sorry
• 5491375808 for bobsleighs
• 337 for LEE
• 8008 for boobs
• 5318008 for boobies
• 15 for IS
• 900973 for GOOGLE
• 7355 for JESS

hello 

Quirky facts about calculators

• The largest collection of electronic calculators belongs to Gerhard Wenzel (Germany) and consists of 4,113 items as of 7 September 2013 in Solingen, Germany.

• Scott Flansburg of Phoenix, Arizona, USA, correctly added a randomly selected two-digit number (38) to itself 36 times in 15 seconds without the use of a calculator on 27 April 2000 on the set of Guinness World Records in Wembley, UK.

• The most large number roots calculated in one minute is 15 and was achieved by Vikas Sharma (India), in Gurgaon, Haryana, India, on 28 November 2015.The attempt was overseen by a representative from the IMA (International Mental Arithmetic) organisation.

Calculator song

https://soundcloud.com/austinhorn/calculator

Mills in Leeds Research

Armley Mills 
This current mill replaced an earlier mill that in its turn had been built in 1788 as reputedly the largest fulling mill in the world. This structure was built 1805-7 by Benjamin Gott as a 4 storey, 23 bay "fireproof" mill. The earliest known such structure in the woollen branch and the oldest surviving Yorkshire example of the type in all branches. It is now home to the leeds Industrial Museum.


Winker Green Mills 
Armley In the process of demolition

Craven Mills
Former woollen mill in Bramley, latterly a wine warehouse. Is home to a rusty horizontal tandem compound steam engine by Cole, Marchent and Morley of Bradford.

Springfield Mills- Reuben Gaunt's

Town End Mills

HE & FJ Brown, Clothing Manufacturers - Bramley Town End This property is in the process of being converted into a residential 

Abbey Mills,Kirkstall. 

Abbey Mills is a Grade 2 listed building.

Kirkstall sign ideas

My initial sign ideas for Kirkstall included a very traditional approach  using serif font, traditional colours and shapes. 

Crit feedback

From the crit the feedback i got was that my idea was not actually a way finding system but more a sign so i need to change the idea to incorporate way finding. 

this weekend i will look into just one idea such as Kirkstall and look at all of the historical things in that area.

kirkstall had lots of milling industries making wool, cashmere... I may look into cross stitching and cross stitch my idea. The idea will be traditional but could have a contemporary approach, such as using bright thread, and bold shapes.

although my original sign idea was very traditional i am going to go more abstract with the idea so people do not know what they are looking at until they have.

Wayfinding Proposal

My Wayfinding system will be a series of signs dotted in different districts of Leeds, informing people of what the place used to be in the Industrial Revolution. I will Make a sign for the city centre, which used to be a transport and commerce hub for northern England; a sign for Holbeck and Hunslet which were the engineering sectors of Leeds; a sign for Rounhay, the middle class suburbs; and a sign for Bramley and Kirkstall the milling centres for Leeds. My signs will be traditional looking with a serif typeface and pictograms of what the district used to look like. I will use a classical colour scheme to fit with the old fashioned theme. To develop my sign system further i now need to gather up relevant research into the places themselves including what the landscape was like during the industrial revolution such as specific buildings that stood, or still stand and the quality of life in that area. 

After my interim Crit, I was told to just focus on one part of this idea so I am just looking at mills around leeds instead of looking into lots of different parts of the history. The signs will direct you to mills around leeds with simple arrows wich to the nieve eye will not mean anything but can be followed by people to find different sites. 
Refining my idea will make the sign system simpler and will work better as a wayfinding system. Before it was more of a sign now the idea is wayfinding

Marber Grid

In 1961, a Polish graphic designer by the name of Romek Marber, conceived a grid layout for Penguin book covers that became one of the most praised and recognised layouts of all time. After being impressed by some of Marber’s designs for The Economist, the then Penguin art director Germano Facetti commissioned him to produce covers for Simeon Potter’s books ‘Language in the Modern World’ and ‘Our Language.’

Marber intricately analysed what was needed from the layout and designed his grid based on his observations. He was careful to consider that the mystery and crime series style had remained practically unchanged since Edward Young’s typographic designs were first adopted 25 years prior.By collating the typographic information and the colophon together within the top third of the page, he allowed for over two thirds of the cover to be used by the illustration, effectively giving the cover artwork the space needed to capture a browser’s attention and sell the book.

Facetti was so inspired by Marber’s design that he also used it for Penguin’s fiction range, and would later apply it again, practically unchanged, to the blue Pelican books. Eventually Marber’s layout became the standard layout for the entire range of Penguin paperbacks.

Today, Marber’s design is synonymous with Penguin books. Many people I’m sure could recognise a Penguin book from the layout alone, simply because they’re so well recognised as ‘classic Penguin’ designs.

It’s stood the test of time due to Marber’s careful consideration of it’s application and requirements, the fundamentals of any good design.

The Clasic 'Marber Grid' layout

Marber's Career Timeline

• Late 1950's- The cover of The Economist 
• 1961- Penguin books were impressed by The Economist designs, and asked Marber to design Simeon Potter's Our Language and Language in the Modern World. 
• Impressed with the original cover, Penguin asked Marber to submit a proposal for a new cover approach for the Penguin Crime series. He was asked to do twenty titles in four months.
• Today the grid idea is still associated with penguin book covers 

Penguin Book Cover Research

Pride and Prejuduice- Jane Austen

When Elizabeth Bennet first meets eligible bachelor Fitzwilliam Darcy, she thinks him arrogant and conceited; he is indifferent to her good looks and lively mind. When she later discovers that Darcy has involved himself in the troubled relationship between his friend Bingley and her beloved sister Jane, she is determined to dislike him more than ever. In the sparkling comedy of manners that follows, Jane Austen shows the folly of judging by first impressions and superbly evokes the friendships, gossip and snobberies of provincial middle-class life.

Penguin Classics, Published 30th January 2003, 448 Pages, 129mm x 198mm x 19mm

The Queen of Spades- Alexander Pushkin

'Hermann waited for the appointed hour like a tiger trembling for its prey.'

One of Pushkin's most popular and chilling stories, 'The Queen of Spades' tells of a young man who develops a dangerous obsession in pursuit of the wealth he craves.

One of 46 new books in the bestselling Little Black Classics series, to celebrate the first ever Penguin Classic in 1946. Each book gives readers a taste of the Classics' huge range and diversity, with works from around the world and across the centuries - including fables, decadence, heartbreak, tall tales, satire, ghosts, battles and elephants.

Penguin Classics, Published 3rd March 2016, 64 Pages, 111mm x 161mm x 5mm

Bath Tangle -Georgette Heyer

The Earl of Spenborough always had been noted for his eccentricity. Leaving a widow younger than his own daughter Serena was one thing- Leaving his fortune to the trusteeship of the Marquis of Rotherham - the one man the same daughter had jilted - was quite another. In a tangle of marriage and manners the like of which even Regency Bath has rarely seen, Lady Serena finds herself involved with her lovely young stepmother, Lord Rotherham and her own childhood sweetheart.

Research Into The Calculator

History of the calculator
The first electronic calculator was created in the 1960s. Pocket sized devices came available to buy in the 1970s. It was built on from a history of early maths instruments like the abacus (2000 BC) and the mechanical calculator (17th century). Before 1970, a more primitive form of calculator, the slide rule , was commonly used. It consisted of a slat of wood, called the slide, that could be moved in and out of a reinforced pair of slats. Both the slide and the outer pair of slats had calibrated numerical scales. A movable, transparent sleeve called the cursor was used to align numerals on the scales. The slide rule did not require any source of power, but its precision was limited.
The abacus is one one of the first forms of calculator and is still used in some regions of the Far East. The abacus uses groups of beads to denote numbers. Like the slide rule, the abacus requires no source of power. The beads are positioned in several parallel rows, and can be moved up and down to denote arithmetic operations. It is said that a skilled abacus user can do some calculations just as fast as a person equipped with a battery-powered calculator.


Calculators in Science
Calculator can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. These four basic functions represent the heart of any calculator. A Scientific calculator uses these four functions to perform higher level functions such as roots, logarithms, trigonometric functions, and hyperbolic functions. Internally, some calculators actually perform all of these functions by repeated processes of addition.

Calculators in Popular Culture
Marty Mcfly wore a calculator watch in the 1980s film Back To The Future, which became very iconic as this was before the time mobile phones became small enough to carry. 



Mechanical and Electromechanical Calculators

Early devices used to aid in calculation include the abacus (still common in E Asia) and the counting rods, or "bones," of the Scottish mathematician John Napier. The slide rule, invented in 1622 by William Oughtred, an English mathematician, was widely used to make approximate calculations, but it has been replaced by the electronic calculator. In 1642, Blaise Pascal devised what was probably the first simple adding machine using geared wheels.

In 1671 an improved mechanism for performing multiplication by the process of repeated addition was designed by Gottfried W. von Leibniz. A machine using the Leibniz mechanism was the first to be produced successfully on a commercial scale; devised in 1820 by the Frenchman Charles X. Thomas, it could be used for adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing. A mechanism permitting the construction of a more compact machine than the Leibniz mechanism was incorporated into a machine devised late in the 19th cent. by the American inventor Frank S. Baldwin. Later the machine was redesigned by Baldwin and another American inventor, Jay R. Monroe. At about the same time, W. T. Odhner of Russia constructed a machine using the same device as Baldwin's. Charles Babbage, an English mathematician, and William S. Burroughs, an American inventor, also made important contributions to the development of the calculating machine.

Early mechanical adding machines were equipped with a keyboard on which numbers to be added were entered, a lever to actuate the addition process, and an accumulator to display the results. A full keyboard consisted of 10 columns of keys with 9 keys in each column, numbered 1 through 9. Each column could be used to enter a figure in a particular decimal place so that a number up to 10 digits long could be entered; if no key was pressed in a given column, a zero was entered in that decimal place. The lever was pulled in one direction when a number was to be added and in the opposite direction when it was to be subtracted. The accumulator was a set of geared wheels, each corresponding to a decimal place and having the digits 0 through 9 printed on its circumference. When a given wheel made a complete rotation, the next wheel was advanced by one digit. The mechanical adding machine remained essentially the same until the mid-1960s, with improvements consisting of motors to actuate additions and subtractions and mechanisms to print out results on a paper tape. 

Electronic Calculators

Electronic calculators, which became available in the early 1960s, at first were merely faster and quieter adding machines. The invention of the microprocessor and advances in integrated-circuit technology made small, but highly sophisticated, calculators possible, and by the mid-1970s they were in wide use. Simple calculators perform only the basic four functions of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. More sophisticated calculators can perform trigonometric, statistical, logarithmic, and other advanced calculations.

Some electronic calculators are actually small computers with limited memory and programming capabilities. Some of these programmable calculators can accept plug-in semiconductor memory cards or programming modules for special applications, such as financial calculations, unit, currency, or number-system conversions, or engineering calculations. Others are also available that include nonmathematical functions such as data storage and schedule organizing. The personal digital assistant, a hand-held device optimized as an organizer with communications capability and accepting handwritten input, is a bridge from calculators to full computer function.

Early electronic calculators had numeric displays made from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). They have been supplanted by liquid-crystal displays (LCDs), whose lower power consumption helps to reduce battery drain. Some calculators use an LCD readout to provide a graphic, as well as numeric, display. CMOS, or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (see integrated circuit), technology is also preferred for battery-operated models because of its low-power requirements. Some calculators are powered by solar cells in ordinary room light.

Leeds city centre

Central leeds was a major transport and commerce centre. Rail links and canal and river networks. 

Holbeck

Holbeck was a major engineering works in the industrial revolution and was home to the working classes. The are was very run down and there were lots of slums.  Saying this the are had its own high street and community.

The are was very polluted due to the industry, as this picture shows, there were many factories churning out pollution and smog into the sky and surrounding rivers, Holbeck was not a nice place to be. 

Roundhay

Roundhay suburbs were middle class, home to lots of terraced houses, parks and 

Roundhay Park 

Alhambra Garden in Rounhay Park is inspired by the Alhambra Palace in southern Spain. The park was created in 1872 and was a perfect addition to the suburbs of Roundhay. The Park has over 700 acres of green space and woodland. 



Disused tram pylons can still be seen in Roundhay from when there was a tramline running from the district into central Leeds.

Kirkstall

St Annes Mill in Kirkstall as it was in 1970

St Ann's Mills was founded as a water mill about 1775 and the ruins are still visible today. The present building was constructed around 1830 and was among the first "pupose built" steam-powered mills in Leeds. It has beautiful stone-flagged floors and employs the "fireproof brick arch" construction that was widely used for early nineteenth century textile mills, but the pitched roof was badly damaged by fire in 1975, and the Council made a most unsatisfactory repair. 

Abbey Mill

Blue Plaques In Leeds

These blue plaque are dotter all over Leeds contain little snippets of information The plaques are placed at landmark spots with cultural or historical significance, be it an important cultural building or a place a famous or influential person resided. 

Sign Ideas

Districts of Leeds

Leeds City Centre-  Transport Hub- canal systems & railways

Roundhay- middle class suburbs

Armley, Bramley and Kirkstall- Milling centres

Hunslet and Holbeck- engineering centres- lots of engine works, lots of factories, slums for working class, polluted towns

my sign system

My signage system will be place signs of the districts around Leeds, but instead of showing the current place, they will show what the place used to home such as the industry it upheld during the Industrial Revolution. 

So for Leeds city centre I will make a sign showing the history of a transport and commerce centre.

Hunslet and Holdback will show the history of engineering centres.

Armley, Bramley and Kirkstall will show the history of milling centres.

Roundly will show the Middle Class Suburbs. 


Existing Leeds signs

For a sign to be affective it has to quickly and easily get the message across so bright colour and bold typography is used, this simple combination is all that is needed so the sign can be read in a matter of seconds.

On the other hand, a more traditional route may be more fitting for my sign design due to the historical factor to the idea. Serif font is less clear but is more classic. The sign has a date and some information showing something of historical importance.

History of Leeds

Research into the history of Leeds

During the Industrial Revolution, Leeds experienced a period of rapid population expansion. Leeds was granted city status in 1893. These two maps show Leeds in 1806 (top) and 1866 (bottom) you can see the scale of expansion in the 60 years is very large. 

The city's industrial growth was catalysed by the introduction of the Aire & Calder Navigation in 1699, Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816 and the railways from 1834 onwards; the first being the Leeds and Selby Railway opened on 22 September 1834. The first Leeds railway station was at Marsh Lane; the Leeds Wellington station was opened in 1848; the Central in 1854, and the New station in 1869. Little by little the town was linked up with Hull, York, Sheffield, Bradford, Dewsbury; with the Durham and Northumberland towns; with Manchester and Liverpool; and with the Midlands and London.

Leeds was home to the first locomotive steam railway, Middleton Railway, which transported coal into the centre of Leeds. The city centre of Leeds became a hub for transport and commerce. Hunslet and Holbeck became major engineering centres. Armley, Bramley and Kirkstall became milling centres and areas such as Roundhay became middle class suburbs, the building of the Leeds Tramway allowing them better connections with the rest of the city.